Satellites, sovereignty and stocks: who stands to gain from Europe's space ambitions?

Key takeaways

• Europe's satellite ambitions create opportunities for operators and manufacturers, but political support does not guarantee profits.

• Eutelsat, SES and European telecom groups have different exposures, from owning satellites to selling connectivity.

• US companies face potential restrictions, while European businesses must manage costs, competition and possible retaliation.

Europe wants greater control over the satellites connecting its citizens, businesses and armed forces. Washington is not particularly pleased.

In October 2026, the United States warned of potentially severe retaliation if Brussels proceeds with plans to reserve valuable satellite frequencies for European operators. Companies including SpaceX, which operates Starlink, could face restrictions.

The dispute comes as Europe increases investment in satellite communications, driven by defence needs, digital independence and growing demand for broadband.

For investors, this creates an interesting question: which companies stand to benefit from Europe's ambitions, which could lose ground, and who will ultimately pay the bill?

The answer extends far beyond Starlink.

The most valuable space may be invisible

The dispute centres on radio spectrum, the invisible frequencies that allow satellites to communicate with devices on Earth. Think of spectrum as lanes on a motorway. Companies need permission to use them, and access becomes more valuable as demand grows.

The European Commission proposes reserving two-thirds of a key frequency band for European operators and government services, leaving one-third open to international competition.

Current licences held by American companies Viasat and EchoStar expire in May 2027, making them directly exposed to the proposed changes.

Crucially, this is not a ban on Starlink's existing broadband network. The contested frequencies are particularly useful for connecting ordinary smartphones directly to satellites, without additional equipment.

SpaceX, through Starlink, and Amazon, through Amazon Leo, could face tighter competition for spectrum access. But European authorities also risk limiting innovation if restrictions favour local companies over better technology.

Three ways to benefit, three different risks

The most obvious European beneficiary is Eutelsat, the French operator behind OneWeb's network of more than 600 low Earth orbit satellites. Its satellite business is growing rapidly. Low Earth orbit revenue rose 69.5% to EUR 297 million in the financial year ending June 2026, reaching one-quarter of group revenue.

Yet overall revenue remained broadly flat. The lesson? A promising business can grow quickly without transforming the company's finances overnight.

Luxembourg-based SES offers another route through satellite services for governments, airlines and telecommunications companies.

Both participate in Europe's separate IRIS² programme, a planned secure communications network of 348 satellites, with launches starting in 2029.

But operating satellite networks is expensive. Growing demand must eventually justify the investment.

Airbus, Thales and Leonardo offer a different exposure. These aerospace and defence groups help manufacture satellites and their components, potentially earning revenue from government contracts without carrying the full costs of operating a network.

The distinction matters: building infrastructure can be profitable even when operating it proves difficult.

The unexpected players in the space race

On 19 October, Deutsche Telekom, Orange, Telefónica and Vodafone announced plans to explore a joint bid for European satellite spectrum. Their approach is interesting: rather than financing satellites themselves, they want to provide ground infrastructure and partner with an existing satellite operator.

That could expand coverage without requiring billions in satellite investment. However, the additional revenue may remain modest compared with their traditional telecom businesses.

The picture becomes even more interesting with AST SpaceMobile, an American company developing satellite-to-smartphone services. It already works with Vodafone and Orange, demonstrating that European operators can pursue greater independence while partnering with American technology providers.

This is not necessarily a contest with one winner. Different companies can benefit from different parts of the same network.

And there is a telling irony: Eutelsat's latest European-built satellites are preparing to launch aboard SpaceX rockets. Europe wants independence, but achieving it may still require American help.

When ambition meets reality

Three risks stand out.

First, Washington could turn its warnings into trade measures affecting European businesses beyond satellites.

Second, satellite networks require heavy investment. Delays, weak demand or rising costs could undermine returns, even with government support.

Third, Europe's competitors already have scale and technology advantages. Protected market access cannot guarantee competitive services or attractive profits.

An investor's radar

• Watch regulation: the 2027 licensing process will clarify which companies gain or lose spectrum access.
• Follow government contracts: new orders could benefit satellite operators and manufacturers differently.
• Track cash flow: for Eutelsat and SES, revenue growth matters only if investment eventually produces sustainable returns.

The real prize is closer to Earth

Europe's satellite ambitions are about more than competing with Starlink. Reliable communications are becoming essential infrastructure, much like electricity or traditional defence equipment.

That creates opportunities, but strategic importance and attractive shareholder returns are not the same thing.

Eutelsat and SES must turn connectivity into profitable services. Airbus, Thales and Leonardo can benefit from building the infrastructure. Telecom operators offer another route, while American companies remain formidable competitors and partners.

For investors, the distinction between these business models matters more than the political headlines.

Europe may increasingly control what happens in its skies, but the real winners will be decided much closer to Earth: by contracts, costs and cash flow.